For whatever reason, the symphony seems to have been coolly received by the audience. Twelve days after his death, a memorial concert was given which featured his Sixth Symphony, which now appeared with the subtitle that Tchaikovsky had intended to be printed in the published score: Pateticheskaya, a literary Russian word meaning “full of pathos, impassioned, passionate, emotional.” In the West, it is usually translated as the French Pathétique. Clearly Strauss did not need to perform a striptease in order to write the Dance of the Seven Veils. First movement—all passion, confidence, thirst for life. On the same page are two notes by the composer. Tchaikovsky's manuscript full score is now preserved in the Russian National Museum of Music in Moscow (ф. 6 in B minor, Op. In contrast with the premiere, when the symphony met with “bewilderment,” the work now made a profound impression. 4 performed by the Berliner Philharmoniker and Sir Simon Rattle The impression it makes is not at all flattering. Pathétique Symphony No. Is this the finale that ends by “dying away” as described in the note from his sketches? the Russian Orthodox chant “With thy saints, O Christ, give peace to the soul of thy servant,”. It is perhaps worth noting that in his later years, the famously shy Tchaikovsky had ambivalent feelings about his own celebrity; while he was gratified by success, he dreaded being feted at official occasions and felt that he had to don “a mask” with strangers. 74 ("Pathétique"), suggests why. Perhaps a subject can still stir my inspiration, but I ought not to write pure, i.e. 4,3 de un máximo de 5 estrellas 30. 6 and Brahms' Symphony No. Taken together, the impression is of some public ceremony or military parade. Such “secret programs” were nothing new for Tchaikovsky. obsessively returning to an intensified version of the main theme’s descending scale. 6 "Pathétique", LP, Album, RE, 104 431. Your email address will not be published. It was the case of the chief of a Government department, who was accused of the crime provided for in Statute 995. To put this statement in context, his previous two symphonies both seem to have had similar—even related—“outline plans.” In a letter, Tchaikovsky revealed that his Fourth Symphony was inspired by an individual’s struggle with fate—a struggle that is left unresolved by the symphony’s conclusion. 6,” without a subtitle. I love it as I have never loved any of my other musical offspring. Ignoring the threat, Tchaikovsky drank unboiled water, both at home and when dining out. 74, final composition by Peter Tchaikovsky.Called the “Passionate Symphony” by the composer, it was mistranslated into French after his death, earning the title by which it became henceforth known, Pathétique (meaning “evoking pity”). Alexander Poznansky has convincingly demonstrated. The public reaction was one of shock. Tsar Alexander III himself ordered a state funeral for the composer who had enjoyed his official patronage. 74 "Pathetique", Symphonie Nr. Your donation helps the Houston Symphony enrich the lives of more than 400,000 Houstonians annually. I think that I have made a good job of this symphony, and I am afraid of repeating myself if I were right now to embark on a composition which has an affinity with its predecessor in terms of spirit and character. He was out to his brothers (though not his parents or sisters) and his close friends and professional colleagues, but that was as open as he wanted to be. 6, Tchaikovsky developed an esoteric, “private,” and unpublished program. After this crisis subsides, the singing second theme returns, marked “con dolcezza” (“with sweetness”). Specifically, people began to suspect that Tchaikovsky had committed suicide because he was tortured by his sexuality. 88, No. In 1913-14, 20 years after the premiere of Tchaikovsky’s symphony, E. M. Forster penned Maurice, a novel with explicitly gay characters and themes. While tolerated by some, homosexuality was clearly not widely accepted or considered to be respectable. Tsar Alexander III in all likelihood was aware of and unconcerned by Tchaikovsky’s sexuality, as he was of that of other gay men at his court. Petersburg was in the midst of an outbreak of the disease, although the worst of it had seemed to be past. In December, he wrote to his favorite nephew, Vladimir “Bob” Davydov: These past few days, I have given myself over up to important considerations that are fraught with consequences. 74 (Pathetique), Sinfonie Nr. 6 : Amazon.es: Música Selecciona Tus Preferencias de Cookies Utilizamos cookies y herramientas similares para mejorar tu experiencia de compra, prestar nuestros servicios, entender cómo los utilizas para poder mejorarlos, y para mostrarte anuncios. Often plagued by stomach aches, he ignored the first symptoms with disastrous results—by the time doctors were called, it was too late to save him. That Tchaikovsky was gay was a more or less open secret in Russian musical circles and high society during his life. Tchaikovsky - Symphony No. In this post, discover Tchaikovsky’s final masterpiece and the complex questions that surround its meaning and interpretation. This time, it builds to an anguished passage, obsessively returning to an intensified version of the main theme’s descending scale over a pedal in the timpani. Immediately, rumors and conspiracy theories began to spread that Tchaikovsky had committed suicide and that the cholera diagnosis was a cover-up. Though sex between men was officially illegal, attitudes toward homosexuality seem to have been surprisingly tolerant in 19th century Russia, at least among the upper classes. I don’t know whether the symphony is original in terms of its musical material, but as far as its form is concerned, it does display an original feature in that its finale is written in adagio tempo, rather than allegro, as is normally the case. The movement fades away with a coda: a tranquil variant of the once anxious motif that opened the symphony appears above the pizzicato strings’ descending scales. 6 H-moll Op. Interestingly, the work was presented simply as Tchaikovsky’s “Symphony No. Tchaikovsky marks this part “incalzando”—which can mean “urging” or “pressing.” A delicate interlude for woodwinds leads to a passionate reprise of the singing melody, which fades to an impossibly quiet pppppp. But I absolutely consider it to be the best, and in particular, the most sincere of all my creations. I can show you a Russian book containing the project of a German writer [likely Karl Heinrich Ulrichs], who openly proposes that it should not be considered a crime,” said Skovorodnikoff, drawing in greedily the fumes of the crumpled cigarette, which he held between his fingers close to the palm, and he laughed boisterously. It … Tsar Alexander III in all. I have reviewed carefully and, you might say, objectively, my new symphony, which fortunately I didn’t manage to orchestrate and bring out. Complete your Peter Ilich Tchaikovsky* – Leningrad … Tchaikovsky did suffer from depressive episodes throughout his life–the one he experienced during the winter of 1892–93, when he began composing his Symphony Pathétique in his head is a prime example. It’s not that it displeased, but it has caused some bewilderment.” Nevertheless, he continued to believe that it was his best work. Tchaikovsky* / Herbert von Karajan, Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra* - Symphony No. Konstantin Romanov wrote to Tchaikovsky, suggesting that he compose a musical setting of Apukhtin’s poem “Requiem” as an homage, but Tchaikovsky hesitated: I am somewhat worried by the fact that my latest symphony, which I have recently completed and which is due to be performed on 16 October (I should awfully like Your Highness to hear it), is suffused by a mood very close to that which pervades [Apukhtin’s ] Requiem. 74 "Патетическая", Symphony No.6 In B Minor, Op.74 (Pathétique), Symphony No. was aware of and unconcerned by Tchaikovsky’s sexuality, as he was of that of other gay men at his court. The death of his sister in 1891, as well as the passing of other close friends, might have been an alternative stimulus for the work’s tragic mood. From an eq perspective, the mids do seem somewhat muffled which leads to an unbalanced sound. 74, Symphonie No. It is impossible to know, and there is no direct evidence to suggest that they did. A Baroque Christmas: Q&A with Guest Vocalist Morris Robinson, Playliszt: 10 Great Pieces by Music’s Original Rock Star. Though Tchaikovsky struggled to come to turns with his sexuality earlier in his life, in the aftermath of his disastrous marriage, he seems to have found self-acceptance. On the title page of the full score the author wrote: 'To Vladimir Lvovich Davydov. Tchaikovsky: Symphony 6: Tchaikovsky / Mravinsky, Evgeny: Amazon.es: Música Selecciona Tus Preferencias de Cookies Utilizamos cookies y herramientas similares para mejorar tu experiencia de compra, prestar nuestros servicios, entender cómo los utilizas para … Tschaikovsky - Symphony No. They ought to appoint an archdeacon of the same sort,” said Skovorodnikoff. 6 in B minor ('Pathétique') Tchaikovsky's greatest symphony and, possibly, his greatest work. Furthermore, interpretations of the symphony as a “gay suicide note” play into many unfortunate tropes and stereotypes that have long dogged the representation of LGBTQ people in media, namely the tendency of writers to kill off LGBTQ characters and the implication that it is impossible to be LGBTQ and happy at the same time. The programme itself will be suffused with subjectivity, and not infrequently during my travels, while composing it in my head, I wept a great deal. At times I’m madly homesick, but even in those depths I can look forward to a new relish for life; instead it’s something hopeless, final, and even, as finales often are, banal.”. Saltar al contenido principal.es Prueba Prime Hola, Identifícate Cuenta y listas Identifícate Cuenta y listas Devoluciones y Pedidos Suscríbete a Prime Cesta. By November 1892, the E-flat major Symphony was complete save for the orchestration, but Tchaikovsky’s work on it was interrupted by a concert tour in Western Europe during the winter, when he seems to have been seized by intense self-doubt. Symphony 6: Tchaikovsky, Reiner: Amazon.es: Música. The third movement is already half-done. The music becomes quieter, and above the anxious perpetual motion of the strings, the brass intone a quotation of the Russian Orthodox chant “With thy saints, O Christ, give peace to the soul of thy servant,” a traditional prayer for the dead. Tchaikovsky’s Pathétique (and its speculative interpretations) play a notable role in the novel, which demonstrates just how widespread the rumors were even in the symphony’s first decades. 6). Still, for some the symphony captures the pain of LGBTQ people living in an intolerant society, a pain that continues to be felt by millions throughout the world today (in recent years Russia has possibly become even less tolerant than it was in Tchaikovsky’s day). It is a testimony to the art of musicians and their conductor, shaped in entirely original ways, who demands and gets precise responses from the players. Despite its vehemence, the return of this theme fails to sound like an arrival point—the momentum of the preceding development continues until the music collapses. 74 (Pathétique), 6-я Симфония (Патетическая) Си Минор, Соч. Thousands thronged Nevsky Prospect to bid farewell to the national hero as his funeral cortege passed. Learn more & get tickets. the trumpets intervene with powerful descending scales. TCHAIKOVSKY Symphony No 6 £7.99 £5.99 SALE. A tamtam sounds, and the “con devozione” music returns, slowly fading to nothing. Upon my return I sat down to write the sketches, and the work went so furiously and quickly that in less than four days the first movement was completely ready, and the remaining movements already clearly outlined in my head. Toast to 2021: Cocktails Inspired by A Big Band New Year. The Symphony in E-flat major that began to emerge over the course of 1892, however, did not seem to follow this plan. When the march returns, it is now a bombastic fortississimo. The actual finale is among Tchaikovsky’s most original conceptions; in place of the expected fireworks (evoked in the previous movement) is a long, slow adagio in B minor. 6. “I could recommend them one,” and he threw the end of his cigarette into his saucer, and again shoved as much of his beard and moustaches as he could into his mouth and began chewing them. No one will ever know what Tchaikovsky’s “secret program” was, and the symphony is open to as many interpretations as it has listeners. This is Mravinsky's recording from 1960.11.07-09 in Vienna, Musikverein, Großer Saal. After thoroughly studying the poem, he added in another letter that “indeed my last symphony (especially the finale) is suffused by a similar mood.”. Lots of snap crackle pop, although side 2 plays better than 1 in this regard. a passionate reprise of the singing melody. For some listeners, passing shadows hint at an underlying anxiety beneath the music’s decorative, balletic surface; at times, the music can also seem artificial, mechanical, and repetitive, as if going in circles. By August he wrote again to Bob: To me it would be typical and unsurprising if this symphony were torn to pieces or little appreciated, for it wouldn’t be for the first time that had happened. As if pleading, the strings respond, swelling and fading away again until only a Morse code-like pulse remains in the horns. Classical concert online: Tchaikovsky's Symphony No. In contrast, a version of the “outline plan” found among Tchaikovsky’s sketches for his next symphony has a rather different trajectory: The ultimate essence of the symphony is Life. Филармонии*, Sinfonie Nr. Оркестр Ленинградской Госфилармонии*, Оркестр Ленинградской Государственной Филармонии*, Симфония N 6 Си Минор,Соч. Slowly the music rises, full of intense yearning, until reaching a thundering climax built on descending scales. Many have criticized the need to search for autobiographical interpretations at all, arguing that to do so implicitly belittles the power of Tchaikovsky’s imagination. Your email address will not be published. Tchaikovsky wrote, “Something strange is happening with this symphony! 74 "Pathétique", Симфонический Оркестр Ленинградской Гос. 60) [view]. The symphony begins with a slow, tenebrous introduction: a bassoon solo emerges above a descending chromatic bassline—a musical pattern that has served as a traditional symbol of mourning since the baroque: This soon gives way to faster music as the bassoon solo is transformed into a nervous theme in the violins. Some commentators have poetically suggested that this is a waltz “missing a beat,” but while its meter is unusual, the melody sounds utterly complete as it is. Those familiar with the symphony know there are many quiet passages which can amplify surface noise which seems to happen throughout. Above all, however, this powerful and tragic work—perhaps without parallel in the symphonic tradition—seems to demand explanation. 6); Symphonie à Programme (No. 6 In B Minor, Op. Reminiscent of the composer’s ballet music, this theme would seem to be a waltz, except that it is in 5/4 rather than the usual three-quarter time. By continuing to browse the site you are agreeing to our use of cookies. The first of them was made on the day the full score was finished: "I urge you to ensure when writing out the parts that all the markings in the parts correspond exactly to the full score. A number of Tchaikovsky’s gay friends even lived openly with lovers, and after Tsar Alexander III awarded Tchaikovsky official honors and a state-funded pension, he had virtually nothing to fear in terms of legal prosecution or exposure in the press within Russia (although it seems unlikely that the Tsar’s patronage could have protected him from scandal outside of Russia–perhaps explaining his dislike of traveling abroad). . It’s very difficult to decide. Explore the 2020–21 season and purchase your subscription today! 6. Today I want to share with you Tchaikovsky’s last symphony, No. I wrote about Symphony No. Second movement—love; the third—disappointment; the fourth ends dying away (also short). Symphony No. He arrived shortly thereafter in St. Petersbur… A searing climax based on simple, descending scales follows. Symphony 6: Tchaikovsky, Barshai: Amazon.es: Música. 74 (Pathétique), Symphony No. Your subscription means more than ever. Complete your Tchaikovsky* collection. Could Tchaikovsky’s feelings regarding his sexuality have played a role in the genesis of his Sixth Symphony? the symphony was written merely for the sake of having something to write—there’s nothing at all interesting or appealing in it. 6 H-moll Op. Download or Print Out Sheet Music of Transposed Parts for Clarinet, and Trumpet. Nevertheless, it is important to remember that the symphony was often interpreted as a specifically homosexual tragedy within the gay community itself. At last, the march arrives in full in the clarinets and horns. Saltar al contenido principal. Tchaikovsky:Symphony No.6 : Amazon.es: Música Selecciona Tus Preferencias de Cookies Utilizamos cookies y herramientas similares para mejorar tu experiencia de compra, prestar nuestros servicios, entender cómo los utilizas para poder mejorarlos, y para mostrarte anuncios. Forgetting the vicissitudes of the first movement, the music seems to simply delight in the beauty of sound itself—until a contrasting central episode appears. Russian composer Peter Tchaikovsky (1840-1893) wrote his Symphony No. I have decided to throw it away and forget about it. 3), Tchaikovsky must have felt that it was not the “grandiose symphony, which would crown [his] artistic career.” He did his best to hide his inner feelings during the tour, but in a letter to his friend, Yekaterina Laroche, he made the following confession: However, apart from all this there is another reason which is paralysing my keenness on writing letters to close friends. a thundering climax built on descending scales. Meanwhile to live without anything to do, without work to absorb one’s time, thoughts and energy, would be very tedious. 74 (Pathetique), Sinfonía N.°6 En Si Menor, Op.74 "Patetica", Симф. The symphony’s recurring downward scales return in an overpowering coda. Throw up my hands and forget about writing music? Pathétique Symphony, byname of Symphony No. 74 (Pathétique) at Discogs. Perhaps the end of this movement is a form of self-parody, just subtle enough that most take it for the real thing; in an 1890 letter to the composer Alexander Glazunov, he wrote, “Something is happening inside me, which I don’t understand: some sort of weariness from life, a sense of disappointment. Symphony 6: Tchaikovsky: Amazon.es: Música Selecciona Tus Preferencias de Cookies Utilizamos cookies y herramientas similares para mejorar tu experiencia de compra, prestar nuestros servicios, entender cómo los utilizas para poder mejorarlos, y para mostrarte anuncios. The archdeacon will meet him with a crucifix. 6 In Si Mineur, Opus N°74 ("Pathétique"), Симфония N 6 Си Минор, Соч.74 Патетическая, Symphonie Nr. A passage from Tolstoy’s 1899 novel Resurrection gives some idea of contemporary attitudes on the topic, ranging from disgust to amusement. Don’t miss Tchaikovsky’s “Pathétique” on January 17, 18, and 19! Marked “con dolcezza e flebile” (“faintly and with sweetness”), a sighing melody based on a descending scale appears in the violins and cellos above an ominously pulsing bass pedal. Tchaikovsky’s Symphony No. Pines of Rome / … Nevertheless, he drew attention to it by the somewhat provocative working subtitle, “Program Symphony,” and by the dedication to “Bob” Davidov, the nephew … Prueba Prime Hola, Identifícate Cuenta y listas Identifícate Cuenta y listas Devoluciones y Pedidos Suscríbete a Prime Cesta. 74, Sinfonie Nr. Notify me of follow-up comments by email. Nevertheless, the rumors persisted, and especially in the wake of Oscar Wilde’s very public downfall in England less than two years later, they began to link the composer’s alleged suicide with his homosexuality. “Why; where is the harm of it? Tchaikovsky created a uniquely labored sound by dividing the melody between the first and second violins—they play each note of the descending scale in alternation. 6 in B minor has been overshadowed by the composer’s untimely death just nine days after its premiere. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. How could a person come to write such music? But doesn’t it follow from this that I’m generally written out and dried up? 6 H-Moll Op. Warning: the remainder of this post includes discussion of self-harm and homophobia. 6 In B Minor, Opus 74 ('Pathétique'), Симфония № 6 Си Минор "Патетическая" соч. 6 "Pathetique" at Discogs. Este producto: Tchaikovsky:Symphony No.6 por Pierre Monteux CD de audio 64,60 € Envíos desde y vendidos por ErgodeBooks Ships From USA. Surviving letters and memoirs from friends and family who actually knew Tchaikovsky intimately suggest that the months leading up to the premiere were happy ones during which Tchaikovsky was busy making plans for the future. This is what I’ve been pondering these past three days. Its marking of “Adagio lamentoso” (Slow and lamenting) and subdued ending would seem to confirm this conjecture. A number of Tchaikovsky’s gay friends even lived openly with lovers, and after Tsar Alexander III awarded Tchaikovsky official honors and a state-funded pension, he had virtually nothing to fear in terms of legal prosecution or exposure in the press within Russia (although it seems unlikely that the Tsar’s patronage could have protected him from scandal outside of Russia–perhaps explaining his dislike of traveling abroad). Must be short (finale death—result of collapse). Like the climactic moment of the first movement of Tchaikovsky’s Fourth Symphony, this climax seems a negation. The music then fades to silence, and muted violins and cellos begin a second theme marked “tenderly, very singing, expansively.” This melody bears a striking resemblance to Don José’s “Flower Song” from Bizet’s Carmen (one of Tchaikovsky’s favorite operas). “That`s fine. The third movement begins with a light, scherzando character: a fragmentary march emerges from the continuous background of the strings as if from a distance. The movement’s grandiose finale frequently provokes applause from audiences, and many hear this music as an uncomplicated expression of joy; however, like the outwardly jovial third movement of Brahms’ Fourth Symphony, its position within an overall tragic narrative suggests an underlying irony—the necessary false triumph before the final peripeteia. You can’t imagine how blissful I feel in the conviction that my time is not yet passed, and that to work is still possible. Perhaps in this light, the symphony might inspire compassion and understanding of an issue that remains as relevant today as it was in 1893. "[3]In 1892, Tchaikovsky wrote the following to his nephew: In 1893, Tchaikovsky again mentions the work in a letter to his brother: The symphony was composed in a small house in Klin, which Tchaikovsky left on October 19. The first drafts were completed in the spring of 1891. Transpositions for Tchaikovsky Symphony No. Enter your email address to subscribe to this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email. 74 (Pathétique), Symphonie Nr. Last year I fell in love with Tchaikovsky’s opera Eugeny Onegin. After a reprise of the main theme, descending scales in the woodwinds initiate a coda in which echoes of the sighing middle section return. 6 H-Moll Op. —Calvin Dotsey. As the final movement faded away, it seemed to many that Tchaikovsky had written his own requiem. STRAVINSKY Petrushka, Jeu de cartes £9.99 £5.99 SALE. 6 'Pathétique' ‎ (CD, Album, RE) Decca , London Records , Polydor 289 460 609-2 LP, none Dying away, a bassoon solo leads to a contrasting section; a long crescendo begins, the winds marked “con espressione” (“with expression”) and the violins “con lenezza e devozione” (“Lenezza,” interestingly, is not a standard Italian word. After becoming embroiled in a homosexual scandal, an official is punished not with prison, but by being made governor of a distant town in Siberia: Meanwhile the Senators rang and ordered tea, and began talking about the event that, together with the duel, was occupying the Petersburgers. Tchaikovsky conducted the new symphony himself at the premiere, which took place in St. Petersburg in October 1893. In fact, the evidence suggests that nothing could be further from the truth, as Tchaikovsky biographer Alexander Poznansky has convincingly demonstrated. After all, does anyone look for autobiographical interpretations of, say, Strauss’s Salome? I currently find myself in a horrendous mood; I am going through a kind of moral crisis from which I will emerge either victorious—that is, I will gain new strength and a fresh desire to fill notepaper with my scribblings—or vanquished—that is, I will go into retirement and start to live out my days quietly. Discover releases, reviews, track listings, recommendations, and more about Peter Ilich Tchaikovsky* – Leningrad Philharmonic Orchestra, Eugen Mravinsky* - Symphony No. Marked “lamentoso” (“lamenting”), the opening melody is the culmination of the many descending scales that pervade the symphony. “What nastiness,” said Bay, with disgust. In a letter to Konstantin Romanov, he added: Without exaggeration, I have put my whole soul into this symphony, and I hope that Your Highness will approve of it. RACHMANINOV Piano Concerto No 2 PROKOFIEV Piano Concerto No 2 £9.99 £5.99 The Mariinsky Label and LSO Live. Conductor Kirill Petrenko emerged as something of a dark horse to become conductor of the Berlin Philharmonic, and this live performance of Tchaikovsky's Symphony No. Some believe it is a misspelling of “lentezza”—“slowness”—although others have suggested that it might be an obscure, literary variant of “lenità”—“soothing.” “Devozione” means “devotion” or “piety,” carrying a religious connotation). Its jubilant finale certainly does not end by “dying away”: On the whole, the E-flat major Symphony is more in the spirit of Tchaikovsky’s early symphonies and orchestral suites than of his later symphonies with their “secret programs.”. A rush of descending scales leads to a pause, after which the main, lamentoso theme returns. symphonic or chamber, music. The ensuing century brought it mounting fame, and today one can hardly doubt its value as one of the late-Romantic period's most-popular works. Tchaikovsky: Symphonies 1-6, Manfred Symphony, Overtures, Rococo variations Mstislav Rostropovich. Furthermore, in the weeks before the premiere, the poet Aleksey Apukhtin (Tchaikovsky’s lifelong friend and former schoolmate) passed away. He was also well aware of his exceptional talent for writing stirring, celebratory finales. Composed by P. Tchaikovsky, Op.???" I shall show it you,” said Skovorodnikoff, giving the full title of the book, and even its date and the name of its editor. … After the march appears, the music cycles back through the movement’s other ideas. 6 In B Minor, Op. Within about a month, Tchaikovsky completed the sketches for the symphony, and the orchestration was finished later that summer. 6, Pathétique On January 17, 18, and 19, the Houston Symphony presents Tchaikovsky’s “Pathétique,” a program of soulful works by Tchaikovsky, Shostakovich, and contemporary Finnish composer Outi Tarkiainen. The form of this symphony will have much that is new, and amongst other things, the finale will not be a noisy allegro, but on the contrary, a long drawn-out adagio. I took my son Jonah to watch it, and to my significant surprise he liked it and doesn’t even mind when I listen to it in the car. Secrets, Rumors, and Lies: Tchaikovsky’s Symphony No. Interwoven with descending scales, the theme develops until it is punctuated by violent fanfares in the trumpets. On January 17, 18, and 19, the Houston Symphony presents Tchaikovsky’s “Pathétique,” a program of soulful works by Tchaikovsky, Shostakovich, and contemporary Finnish composer Outi Tarkiainen. 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