[46] The femoral head StW 311, which either belongs to P. robustus or early Homo, seems to have habitually been placed in highly flexed positions based on the wearing patterns, which would be consistent with frequent climbing activity. One of the most controversial aspects of the various species of Australopithecus is their presumed diets, which are related intimately to their use (or non-use) of primitive tools. READ PAPER. [29] In 2020, the nearly complete skull DNH 155 was discovered and was measured to have had a brain volume of 450 cc. Brain size in P. robustus ranges from 410 to 530 cc, a bit larger than the typical chimpanzee's. Itu berutang namanya kepada ahli paleontologi Robert Broom, yang membuat penemuan spesies di Afrika Selatan pada tahun 1938. erectus. [14], This was soon challenged in 1974 by American palaeontologist Stephen Jay Gould and English palaeoanthropologist David Pilbeam, who guessed from the available skeletal elements a much lighter weight of about 40.5 kg (89 lb). This paper examines the existing Sr-87/Sr-86 data collectively derived from three studies of Paranthropus robustus teeth with the aim of exploring whether the dataset as a whole may provide deeper insight into habitat, mobility, and growth for this species. A taxon is presumed Extinct when exhaustive surveys in known and/or expected habitat, at appropriate times (diurnal, seasonal, annual), throughout its historic range have failed to record an individual. P. robustus may have had a genetic susceptibility for pitting enamel hypoplasia on the teeth, and seems to have had a dental cavity rate similar to non-agricultural modern humans. distinct features of Paranthropus. [102], As an antipredator behaviour, baboons often associate themselves with medium-to-large herbivores, most notably impalas, and it is possible that P. robustus as well as other early hominins which lived in open environments did so also, given they are typically associated with an abundance of medium-to-large bovid and horse remains. The T12 is more compressed in height than that of other australopithecines and modern apes. erectus in Swartkrans, but they estimated male H. ergaster/H. Broom considered them evidence of a greater diversity of hominins in the Pliocene from which they and modern humans descended from, and that several hominin taxa existed alongside human ancestors. [15] In 1957, though, Italian biologist Alberto Simonetta moved it to the genus "Pithecanthropus", and Robinson (without a specific reason why) decided to synonymise it with H. erectus (African H. erectus are sometimes called H. ergaster today), though in 1965, South African palaeoanthropologist Phillip V. Tobias questioned whether this classification was completely sound or not. It has been identified in Kromdraai, Swartkrans, Sterkfontein, Gondolin, Cooper's, and Drimolen Caves. Before the transition, P. robustus populations possibly contracted to certain wooded refuge zones over 21,000 year cycles, becoming regionally extinct in certain areas until the wet cycle whereupon it would repopulate those zones. He also reported an average of 22.2 years for A. africanus. [67] Similarly, in 2016, Polish anthropologist Katarzyna Kaszycka rebutted that, among primates, delayed maturity is also exhibited in the rhesus monkey which has a multi-male society, and may not be an accurate indicator of social structure. In human evolution: Hominin habitats Kromdraai, and Drimolen) of P. robustus are associated with open and even arid habitats, but these may not reflect its actual foraging preference. McHenry plotted body size vs. the cross sectional area of the femoral head for a sample of just humans and a sample with all great apes including humans, and calculated linear regressions for each one. [75][76] The now-earliest claim of fire usage is 1.7 million years ago at Wonderwerk Cave, South Africa, made by South African archaeologist Peter Beaumont in 2011, which he attributed to H. ergaster/H. This discounts the plausibility of a harem society, which would have resulted in a matrilocal society due to heightened male–male competition. [96], Cooper's Cave was first reported to yield P. robustus remains in 2000 by South African palaeoanthropologists Christine Steininger and Lee Rogers Berger. They found that the microwear patterns in P. robustus suggest hard food was infrequently consumed, and therefore the heavy build of the skull was only relevant when eating less desirable fallback foods. [96] Cosmogenic nuclide geochronology has reported much more constrained dates of 2.2–1.8 million years ago for Member 1, and 0.96 million years ago for Member 3. Follow @BradshawFND Tweet Paranthropus robustus (or Australopithecus robustus) was originally discovered at Kromdraai in South Africa in 1938 by the anthropologist Robert Broom. Because both P. robustus and H. ergaster/H. Since most of the Paranthropus boisei habitat was a grassland, they may have had to eat tall grasses at some points throughout the year. Paranthropus robustus atau Australopithecus robustus adalah spesies hominid yang hidup 1, 8 hingga 1, 2 juta tahun yang lalu di Afrika Selatan. Surveys should be over a time frame appropriate to the taxon’s life cycle and life form. Even in a multi-male society, it is still possible that males were more likely to be evicted, explaining male-skewed mortality with the same mechanism. [5] In the spirit of tightening splitting criteria for hominin taxa, in 1954, Robinson suggested demoting "P. crassidens" to subspecies level as "P. r. crassidens", and also moved the Indonesian Meganthropus into the genus as "P. [94], At Swartkrans, P. robustus has been identified from Members 1–3. Discovered By: Gert Terblanche. discoverer: Robert Broom 1938 South Africa Swartkrans, Kromdragi 2-1 mya. [19] It was long assumed that if Paranthropus is a valid genus then P. robustus was the ancestor of P. boisei, but in 1985, anthropologists Alan Walker and Richard Leakey found that the 2.5 million year old East African skull KNM WT 17000—which they assigned to a new species A. aethiopicus—was ancestral to A. boisei (they considered Paranthropus synonymous with Australopithecus), thus establishing the boisei lineage as beginning long before robustus had existed. The wrist joint had the same manoeuverability as that of modern humans rather than the greater flexion achieved by non-human apes, but the head of radius (the elbow) seems to have been quite capable of maintaining stability when the forearm was flexed like non-human apes. At early stages, the P. robustus jawbone was somewhat similar to that of modern humans, but the breadth grew in P. robustus, as to be expected from its incredible robustness in adulthood. Rodové jméno Paranthropus poprvé navrhl Robert Broom již v roce 1938 pro nálezy z krasové jeskyně Kromdraai, nacházející se nedaleko Johannesburgu v jižní Africe. Paranthropus robustus (of Australopithecus robustus) is oorspronklik in 1938 in Suid-Afrika ontdek. However, they had not used a … [22] The site is thought to be roughly 2–1.5 million years old based on animal remains which have also been recovered from Swartkrans Member 1. [44] The P. robustus hand is consistent with a humanlike precision grip which would have made possible the production or usage of tools requiring greater motor functions than non-human primate tools. [48] The big toe bone of P. robustus is not dextrous, which indicates a humanlike foot posture and range of motion, but the more distal ankle joint would have inhibited the modern human toe-off gait cycle. It is unclear if P. robustus lived in a harem society like gorillas or a multi-male society like baboons. Der Vormensch Paranthropus robustus gilt als der stämmige Vetter unserer Vorfahren, der Australopithecinen. [79] Regardless if P. robustus followed a human or non-human ape dental development timeframe, the premolars and molars would have had an accelerated growth rate to achieve their massive size. [57], In 1954, Robinson suggested that the heavily built skull of P. robustus and resultantly exorbitant bite force was indicative of a specialist diet adapted for frequently cracking hard foods such as nuts. The brain volume of the specimen SK 1585 is estimated to have been 476 cc, and of DNH 155 about 450 cc (for comparison, the brain volume of contemporary Homo varied from 500–900 cc). [36] Modern humans which suffer from spinal disc herniation often have vertebrae that are more similar to those of chimps than healthy humans. If these four proximal femur specimens—SK 82, SK 97, SKW 19, and SK 3121—are representative of the entire species, they said that this degree of sexual dimorphism is greater than what is exhibited in humans and chimps, but less than orangutans and gorillas. The remains of at least 130 individuals have been found at Swartkrans. [26] In 2001, Polish anthropologist Katarzyna Kaszycka said that Broom quite often artificially inflated brain size in early hominins, and the true value was probably much lower. For comparison, chimp jaws are generally depository reflecting prognathism, and modern humans resorptive reflecting a flat face. [2], While growing, the front part of the jaw in P. robustus is depository (so it grows) whereas the sides are resorptive (so they recede). Global Biodiversity Information Facility. The original complete skull (without mandible) of a 1,8 million years old Paranthropus robustus discovered in South Africa. In 1938, Robert Broom discovered the first Paranthropus robustus material at the site of Swartkrans, South Africa. [105], However, the geographical range of P. robustus in the fossil record is roughly 500 km2 (190 sq mi), whereas the critically endangered eastern gorilla (with the smallest range of any African ape) inhabits 70,000 km2 (27,000 sq mi), the critically endangered western gorilla 700,000 km2 (270,000 sq mi), and the endangered chimp 2,600,000 km2 (1,000,000 sq mi). [60] In 1980, anthropologists Tom Hatley and John Kappelman suggested that early hominins (convergently with bears and pigs) adapted to eating abrasive and calorie-rich underground storage organs (USOs), such as roots and tubers. Female P. robustus were about the same estimated weight as female H. ergaster/H. Paranthropus robustus . SK 62's growth trajectory is more similar to that of gorillas, whose roots typically measure 7 mm (0.28 in) when emerging from the gums. Because the ramus was so tall, it is suggested that P. robustus experienced more anterior face rotation than modern humans and apes. In order for cavity-creating bacteria to reach this area, the individual would have also presented either alveolar resportion, which is commonly associated with gum disease; or super-eruption of the tooth which occurs when it becomes worn down and has to erupt a bit more in order to maintain a proper bite, exposing the root in the process. [71] The animal remains of Kromdraai A suggest deposition occurred anywhere between 1.89 and 1.63 million years ago, and the presence of Oldowan or Achulean tools indicates early Homo activity. [25] The animal assemblage is broadly similar to that of Cooper's Cave, meaning they probably are about the same age. [25] Among these are the most complete P. robustus skulls: the presumed female DNH-7 (which also preserved articulated jawbone with almost all the teeth), and presumed male DNH 155. [79], In 1968, American anthropologist Alan Mann, using dental maturity, stratified P. robustus specimens from Swartkrans into different ages, and found an average of 17.2 years at death (they did not necessarily die from old age), and the oldest specimen was 30–35 years old. The ramus of the jawbone, which connects the lower jaw to the upper jaw, is tall, which would have increased lever arm (and thereby, torque) of the masseter and medial pterygoid muscles (both important in biting down), further increasing bite force. and Megantereon spp., and the hyena Lycyaenops silberbergi. They stated overall brain anatomy of P. robustus was more like that of non-human apes. Fossilien, die Australopithecus africanus zugeordnet wurden, stammen zumeist aus rund 3 bis 2,5 Millionen Jahre alten Fundschichten in Südafrika; einige Funde sind jedoch möglicherweise etwas älter, andere etwas jünger.. It is possible this reflects some arboreal activity (movement in the trees) as is controversially postulated in other australopithecines. [24] P. robustus has a tall face with slight prognathism (the jaw jutted out somewhat). [71], In 1988, Brain and South African archaeologist A. Sillent analysed the 59,488 bone fragments from Swartkrans Member 3, and found that 270 had been burnt, mainly belonging to medium-sized antelope, but also zebra, warthog, baboon, and P. robustus. [67][68], In 2007, anthropologist Charles Lockwood and colleagues pointed out that P. robustus appears to have had pronounced sexual dimorphism, with males notably larger than females. Because the chewing muscles are arranged the same way, Walker postulated that the heavy build was instead an adaptation to chew a large quantity of food at the same time. Early hominin vertebrae are similar to those of a pathological human, including the only other 12th thoracic vertebra known for P. robustus, the juvenile SK 853. This contrasts with East African bone tools which appear to have been modified and directly cut into specific shapes before using. P. robustus limb anatomy is similar to that of other australopithecines, which may indicate a less efficient walking ability than modern humans, and perhaps some degree of arboreality (movement in the trees). This is commonly correlated with a male-dominated polygamous society, such as the harem society of modern forest-dwelling silverback gorillas where one male has exclusive breeding rights to a group of females. [11] By the 21st century, "P. crassidens" had more or less fallen out of use in favour of P. robustus. In modern apes (including humans), dental development trajectory is strongly correlated with life history and overall growth rate, but it is possible that early hominins simply had a faster dental trajectory but a slower life history due to environmental factors, such as early weaning age as is exemplified in modern indriid lemurs. Discovery Date: 8 Jun 1938. Over the next decade, Broom further excavated the Kromdraai site, and adjacent ones at Swartkrans and Sterkfontein caves, turning up much additional material now attributed to this hominid. This displaced the eye sockets forward somewhat, causing a weak brow ridge and receding forehead. Other articles where Australopithecus aethiopicus is discussed: Australopithecus: Australopithecus aethiopicus: Australopithecus aethiopicus (2.7–2.3 mya), formerly known as Paranthropus aethopicus, is the earliest of the so-called robust australopiths, a group that also includes A. robustus and A. boisei (described below). In 1972, Robinson estimated Paranthropus as having been massive. This is generally taken to show that Paranthropus was a sister taxon to Homo, both developing from some Australopithecus species, which at the time only included A. africanus. TM 1517 consists of a partial cranium, associated mandible, and several postcranial elements. 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