The kind of signal processing used causes loss of transient peak amplitude, … I’ll be using section 2 of this paper as a source. The “term was invented by the Casio Corporation to describe a simple modulation technique developed for several of its synthesizers.” (Roads 250) Mark Fukuda was the main engineer behind the idea in which the premise is to scan through a basic sine wave lookup table at an increasing and then decreasing speed while keeping the overall frequency constant as it relates to the pitch or note. and level matched our Denon POA-A1HDCI (MSRP: $7500) 10CH amplifier and a Panasonic SA-XR50 Class F/A/V. Phase Equalizers - Overview and Experiments in Audio Processing Jon Fagerstr om Aalto Universtiy Master’s Programme CCIS / AAT jon.fagerstrom@aalto.fi Abstract This paper is an overview on the topic of Phase Equalizers. etc. We ran this test at low listening levels All Rights Reserved. Last Updated on Wed, 08 Jan 2020 | Voice Channels. raving about. Frequency & Phase Distortion in Amplifiers. exhibited boomy bass was likely because of its high output impedance (measured His current project is TriAngular Bent, an electroacoustic trio featuring Don Preston (founding member of Frank Zappa’s Mothers of Invention) and circuit bending virtuoso, Jeff Boynton. That being said what would happen if you used two different mono amps on same set of speakers for testing, I'm sure there is a common sense reason as to why that won't work. company + speakers “C,” source unit “D,” interconnects “E,” and speaker wire Psychoacoustics: Science of How We Hear. expect any amplifier today should be no more than 0.5dB down at 20Hz and 20kHz, but there is no measurement that can be applied to reveal this when an a degree of confidence how a given amp will sound? Russ provides a nice example of this idea: …consider a transfer function that is a straight line as it passes through the zero points of an input and the output axes, but which gradually curves away from a straight line as it moves away from the zero point. This is bad news for all - it is high time we all get Phase Distortion is here to deliver phase melting mayhem! Confused about what AV Gear to buy or how to set it up? Audio Interfaces; Studio Headphones; Studio Monitors; Phase Distortion Synthesis Explained. It is one 90 dB, and that Adcom may have THD and IM of 0.05% and a SNR of 90 dB, but some the simple designs, and single ended triode (SET) Class-A - as well as These facts demonstrate how although the broad concept — alteration of phase — is the same, implementation and results differ greatly.” (source), Tom Wiltshire suggests, “PD is more limited than FM because PD always uses modulators that are at the same frequency as the carrier, or sometimes at a simple multiple of its frequency. of the Panasonic when it’s clipping and 0.076% lower-order THD of the Denon. The example below shows this process with a simple phase distortion function (a knee) and a simple waveform (a sinewave). compromised with the Panasonic receiver. response. Do amplifiers—when amplifiers that “golden ears” speak of occur between equipment acknowledged to The electrical components of the amplifier circuit may well contain some reactive components such as capacitors and/or inductors as well as resistors; where these combinations of components exist they may form LC, LR, CR and/or LCR filter networks and change the amplitudes of individual waves at different frequencie… is completely unaffected by the load, and it does not matter if it is reactive It’s similar to Frequency modulation synthesis in that they are both built on phase modulation. Frequency Response of Axiom Audio Class D Amplifier would change radically depending on the load impedance it was driving. If such a source were to be connected to a loudspeaker load, the Distortion of the frequency response should not be an issue with modern amplifiers, but with some (such as single ended triode valve designs), it does pose some problems. Awesome. controlled by the system designer and one can reasonably expect every part of Denon 10CH Amplifier Output Impedance is commendably low. Tips for Adding Character to 808s with Distortion, Saturation & More, Logic Pro X Sculpture Synth: LFOs, Vibrato, Jitter & More [Course Excerpt], Philip Mantione is a composer, synthesist, guitarist, educator and sound artist active in the LA experimental music scene. There must be some mechanism that causes multiple reviewers to describe an Audio Eng. So why are some amps described as having poor rendition of the high that amps that measure definitively different (including the very tangible Whereas today, a 30 cent op amp IC today can get .002% THD without even … do was switch the speaker leads each time so the listeners could instantly compare not have the distortion of a single ended triode and will have a far better It is uncommon for solid-state different sonically. the subtle differences that undeniably exist between amplifiers. Damping Factor: Effects On System Response, Audioholics Amplifier Measurement Standard, Switching Amplifiers: The Technology and the Issues. We have stated many times that music and sound is a very complex amalgamation of art and physics. I didn’t tell the listening panel how bad the The fact listen to many more amplifiers than most of us. No one can hear the difference on a complex With the Denon vs. the Panasonic, we can see This same phase distortion function … first to go are the extremes at both ends of the spectrum. with some (such as single ended triode valve designs), it does pose some (Russ 280), As the amplitude of the input is increased, more distortion will take place along with the associated harmonics. amplifier itself. Alas, this too is impossible. So, based on the transfer functions used you can produce an infinite variety of wave shapes and harmonics from a simple sine wave input. sound for the money”. that all their measured parameters are not only very close, but supposedly past There exists in this study no statistically significant evidence supporting the audibility of phase distortion in the musical samples provided, using the all-pass filter implementations chosen by the researchers. criteria are not met, then the assessment is not useful to either camp, and the leads the user to conclude that this or that component is to “blame,” is no difference at all. This is either a strength of so-called Please try again. Panasonic Class Dl. MP3 & Audio; Phase Distortion. It also doesn't address the issue of audibility of the amplifier is tested. That’s not what this article is exploring. Clint DeBoer was among the skeptics that believed MP3 & Audio; Phase Distortion. You don’t need a PhD in DSP to program a CZ! together and stop arguing amongst ourselves whether (for example) it is better there are slight FR errors along the way, that customer never notices or cares. No impedance, and therefore the load will always have some influence on the character, I doubt that this is the sole reason for the perceived high New Distortion is usually unwanted, and so engineers strive to eliminate or minimize it. differences from each other? Distortion This will not detectable until it an amplifier. We just sent a download link to your inbox. This Bryston may have 0.05% THD and IM and a SNR of very same receiver that some audiophiles over at Audioasylum and AVSforum were as the single ended triode amps) have poorer response than most of the solid-state Phase Distortion instead lets the signal modulate the phase of itself, essentially resulting in something similar to feedback FM. reproduction, at all power levels required to cater for the requirements of testing methods can also be applied to the measurement of individual combination with specific associated equipment, FR variations suddenly crop up. hope that the amp will not be adversely affected by the variable load Pre-amp “A” from this company + power amp “B” from that Does it exist? how often regular ol' frequency response turns out to be the causal factor in Other amps may be similarly described, and these will They made comments such as It would be nice for all lovers of music (and the inductance loaded solid state Class-A amps - will often have a less than ideal “A transfer function is a graph which relates an input to an output.” (Russ 278) As an example, a linear transfer function where X = Y will produce an output identical to the input. A signal takes a finite time to pass through the telecommunication network. pure resistance (again, without success). is perfectly resistive, and has no reactive elements (inductance or reproduction of sound - but the two camps have drifted further and further Below are resulting waveforms based on using independent linear transfer functions on each quarter cycle of a sine wave. experiences and your impressions as to why. We had a few skeptical reviewers in house at the measured differences and accept intellectually why the sonic differences What the original quote meant to say was that sending a chorused signal thru a distortion … between a valve and an op-amp, a bipolar junction transistor and a MOSFET, or some degree of sensitivity to the speaker lead and speaker. poor audio performance at unclipped listening levels was also quite It is very easy for people to get lost unless they have a very deep understanding of both the art and the science. 2018-04-24 By WikiAdmin Leave a Comment. This manifests in PD synths’ reputation for being easier to produce traditional subtractive sounds, such as those typically associated with analog synths, which are characterized by linear spectra. amplifiers are affected by the load, and therefore all amplifiers must show Phase Distortion. ever be able to finally perform an objective test, and be able to predict with Copyright © 1998–2020 Audioholics, LLC. We’d love to hear your with virtually no droop in the response from 10Hz to over 50kHz. the system to work correctly with every other part. This example goes a long way towards proving frequency performance - I could also be wrong. about 905Hz). One interesting. The method produces waveforms that are distorted from the original sine wave and can be quasi-triangular or sawtooth forms. Most Like any other transformer, audio transformer comprises of a primary winding, secondary winding and the core and the primary function of an audio transformer is to couple the energy from the primary windings to the secondary without introducing any distortion. Even if you don’t understand any of the technology behind phase distortion synthesis, the results speak for themselves - download Phase Distortion Synth and give it a spin. How does phase distortion synthesis work, and how does it differ from traditional FM? Music can also be destroyed in the production process, where dynamic compression can cause effects similar to phase distortion. It is possible to use different transfer functions for each half or quarter cycle of the input sine wave. measurable effect might cause such a phenomenon. The dramatic resurgence and affordability of analog equipment has democratized the world of synthesis, and there are now sonic possibilities that were once only available to a select few. (My preferred test frequency is 440Hz (concert pitch A, below approaches obviously cannot work, we are faced with the problem that all (almost) rule out distortion as a factor in this equation, since amps with comparatively However, most people simply like to listen without the added complication of learning the minutiae. chasm will simply widen. “This type of quarter-cycle waveshaping in the second generation Yamaha FM synthesizers produce additional waveforms from … a single high precision sine wave.” (Russ 279). As mentioned above, phase distortion is an audio term implying that the signal out is different than the signal in because some or all of the frequencies are shifted in phase. there is also no such thing as a perfect load. 5 Followers. Thus the CZ and VZ engines are quite different and not directly compatible, filling different sonic and architectural niches. However, the audible differences between The effect is “a smooth transition from a sine wave to a waveform containing a number of harmonics.” (Russ 280), The difference between this technique and a VCF is that in the former, the “evolution of the waveform is dependent on the way the transfer function changes with the input amplitude”, as opposed to harmonics being “added in a progressive sequence…” (Russ 280). There are few real clues that allow us to determine frequency detail and clarity. All I had to problems. In Sound Synthesis and Sampling, Martin Russ compares phase distortion to the effect of a transfer function. “this is the closest sound to tubes you Audio transformers are designed for audio range of frequencies, i.e., for frequencies ranging from 20 … This change in shape is considered a phase distortion. They presented it for the first time in their CZ series of synthesizers. In the 1980`s Casio`s engineer Mark Fukuda invented this form of audio synthesis, which evolved from Cosmo Synth System. and not everything that matters is necessarily always properly measured. Another approach might be to make 300 1000 3400. But PD deserves some recognition as one of the first digital synthesis methods that helped to make synthesis accessible to the average musician and change the course of music as we know it. listening level, things really got ugly for the Panasonic. Digital synthesis has come a long way since the release of the CZ series with huge advances in computing power and hybrid techniques. In essence, this is futile, since there will always be some output To complicate matters somewhat, the term phase distortion is sometimes … speakers dip down to about 3 ohms so the system damping factor was really The RBH But any other function will result in a different output and in the case of digital synthesis, a different waveform. We’re trying to figure out why Amp A and Amp B sound different despite the fact $299). can get from solid state” and “incredible that there are differences is obvious. Dynamic compression in music is well known today as the Loudness War. But the distortion could be either higher or lower, so this argument says that a flat phase response is different, not better, than a non-flat response. amp in such terms, and one may be tempted to put it all down to imagination or (shelf system, docking station, soundbar, etc.) This effect can be emulated with phase distortion using a transfer function and a sine wave input. As the name indicates whenever there is a time delay between input and occurrence of the signal at the output. middle C), but none of this is of great consequence.) Casio used this waveshaping technique and coined the term phase distortion in the mid-80s, during the peak of Yamaha’s DX7 popularity and the domination of FM synthesis. Phase Distortion ABX testing. It was a digital synth that used phase distortion (PD) for creating sounds. Audio, Audio, Audio! The biggest problem is that The change in harmonic content that occurs from changing the cutoff frequency of a low-pass filter is one the most iconic sounds in synthesis. The concept of phase, especially from the perspective of digital lters is discussed. The Sound of Audio Amplifiers: Can you hear a difference between Amps? difference in sound. Open Sound Meter: A RTA/Phase/Magnitude/Coherence and some more Measurement Program. We can look at a voice channel as a bandpass filter. The “term was invented by the Casio Corporation to describe a simple modulation technique developed for several of its synthesizers.” (Roads 250) Mark Fukuda was the main engineer behind the idea in which the premise is to scan through a basic sine wave lookup table at an increasing and then decreasing speed while keeping the overall frequency constant as it relates to the pitch or note. They may be described a "veiled" or something similar, Each … There are few real clues, I haven't listened to many amps but I think there are too many people who do hear the difference to discount that. influence of the load will be zero, regardless of frequency, load impedance the output impedance infinite, and again, the load will have zero effect on the exist. variations, or anything else. amplifiers is as controversial and inexact a subject as any in audio. that the effects will be negligible, or we can try to make speakers appear as We can The technique incorporates what is referred to as phase modulation (PM) which “uses an oscillating modulator that can have its own period.” (source), “PM/FM produces Bessel function-derived spectra unless linearised by the application of feedback, whereas PD produces more linear spectra. behaviour of the amp. In communications and electronics it means the alteration of the waveform of an information-bearing signal, such as an audio signal representing sound or a video signal representing images, in an electronic device or communication channel. Instagram: philipmantione, In the mid-1980’s I purchased my first synthesizer, the Casio CZ101. the Audioholics Showcase Theater Room one day when we were testing the RBH than the full bandwidth from 20Hz to 20kHz. If so, are these differences due 9, 1982 September PAPERS AUDIBILITY OF MIDRANGE PHASE DISTORTION IN AUDIO SYSTEMS produce a stationary trace, it can be verified quite easily that the timbre is a function of the relative phase between second harmonic and fundamental. A great many problems in music reproductions can be traced directly to a basic flaw which appears as a necessary characteristic of the conventional loudspeaker - Phase Distortion. I wanted to At low amplitudes of the input sine wave the output will also be a sine wave, because only the linear portion of the transfer function will be used. As we have discussed that a signal consists of different frequency components. His music has been presented in festivals, museums and galleries worldwide. high distortion can be comparable to others with negligible distortion. There is no such thing as an amplifier with zero output We must try to determine what Evan Bogunia’s LittleMidiEnveloper … Interestingly, some of the simpler amplifiers (again, such The sound variation between An ideal load This type of synthesis refers to when … amplifier as having a poor high frequency performance, such as (for example) a Increasing the frequency of the triangle wave (as would be possible on an FM synth) produces a complex effect on the phase distortion.” He continues, “The interesting bit of PD synthesis compared to Yamaha’s FM is that the waveshape of the modulator is not just a simple sine wave, and furthermore can be modified. itself may not have any inherent FR errors or problems, but when used in I purchased the Panasonic receiver after measuring it because I’ve music. Of all the speaker ailments, phase distortion is the most critical, the hardest to cure, and probably the least understood by both stereo … Since this is not the case in the musical waveform between 0.073% and 0.055% THD or between 94 and 91 dB SNR. Use the variable saturation curve to add warmth and edge to your sound, and let the phase distortion bring character and clarity through your mix. Through the use of dynamic waveshaping and variable transfer functions such as those used by Casio, complex waveforms are possible. to use one brand of capacitor in the signal path or another. in this respect, having significant reactance, which varies with frequency. my musings, and I am open to suggestions for testing methods that may reveal frequencies? There was an error submitting your subscription. In FM you have to set the frequencies and envelopes of many operators, which can produce all sorts of complex interactions in the sound, which can only be predicted with a lot of maths! amps to have a frequency response at low powers that extends to anything less of my Denon AVP-A1HDCI A/V processor and level matched them. It is said to be phase distorted signal. "A digital oscillator produces a … T30-LSE speaker system. This opens up a sound palette characterised by moving, morphing, shifting timbres – from snarling jungle bass to classic FM tones and everything inbetween. Thread starter BenB; Start date Dec 23, … As well as the standard saw-tooth, square, and pulse wave-forms, it had a special double sine waveform, a half-sine waveform, and three wave-forms with simulated filter resonance: resonant saw-tooth, triangle, and trapezoidal wave-forms. Phase distortion arises when some frequencies get through a system more slowly than other frequencies. This tutorial focuses on the implementation of phase distortion synthesis in Reaktor. sound differences caused by their interaction with other equipment? Temper also features a simple resonant lowpass filter and a feedback path to drive the intensity of the tone. The effect is that not all frequencies are amplified equally, and the Oli Larkin, developer of VirtualCZ–a Casio CZ emulation plugin, speaks to the difference between FM/PM and PD: Both types of synthesis allow you to generate very pure sounds but also very harsh, complex sounds. all amplifiers sound the same if not overdriven. of the frequency response should not be an issue with modern amplifiers, but Although these will give the sound a unique no known measurement that reveals this quality. terms are not immediately translatable, since they are subjective, and there is Download three free Max for Live Devices from Phil Mantione. It was a digital synth that used phase distortion (PD) for creating sounds. Just as there is no such thing as a perfect amplifier, power levels where both amps were operating unclipped, there was a clear or not. The reason the Panasonic Thu, 27 Oct 2016 | Network Management. Phase Distortion instead lets the signal modulate the phase of itself, essentially resulting in something similar to feedback FM. listening to. Or are the I asked them to now pay attention to high that might be devised to do so must satisfy both the subjectivists’ and the With that I connected used within their undistorted performance envelope—exhibit real sonic guess which amp these comments were attributed to? "experimenter expectancy". Search results showing audio plugins for all operating systems (Windows, MacOS, Linux, iOS and Android), tagged as Phase Distortion. 0.5dB loss is acceptable The output impedance of any Get the Audioholics AV Gear Guide Ebook FREE! Phase distortion is a bit of a misleading term because it is actually the resulting waveform that is audibly distorted, based on dynamically changing the rate at which the input wavetable or sine wave is read. Complication of learning the minutiae frequency Response of Axiom Audio Class D would. Chasm will simply widen problems of assembling high fidelity component Systems for which the average consumer has no or... Detail and clarity different sonically shows this process with a simple phase distortion in... Distortion in Car Audio Systems – Timing is everything a perfect load … Interfaces. Casio CZ101 here to deliver phase melting mayhem using independent linear transfer functions on each quarter cycle of transfer. Controversial and inexact a subject as any in Audio the available scientific data, therefore! By the load zero effect on the available scientific data, and has no reactive elements ( or. For creating sounds of ESP for his contributions to this article is exploring phase modulation terms not! Transfer function and a feedback path to drive the intensity of the input sine input. The listening area ) and a sine wave amplifiers that should not be classified as exceptional in area. Or not, starting with the Denon but it was clearly running out of gas it! Was very boomy and lacked articulation order even harmonics rougher sound the subjectivists ’ the! Unwanted, and working backwards towards equation 1 just sent a download to. Content that occurs from changing the cutoff frequency of a signal in various ways to generate a rougher sound between... Festivals, museums and galleries worldwide the free email course pay attention to high frequency detail and clarity the. Digital synth that used phase distortion synthesis in that they are subjective, so. Sound that came out from it was “ thinner “ comparing to the,. Galleries worldwide high frequencies cause such a phenomenon a very complex amalgamation of art and the.... Hollow or artificial or connectors or other issues not directly compatible, filling different sonic and architectural niches pass! The art and the objectivists ’ camps linear transfer functions for each half quarter. See the measured differences and component quality functions such as those used by Casio in in. Cause effects similar to feedback FM so engineers strive to eliminate or minimize it synthesis available... Such as those used by Casio in 1984 in their CZ range of synths an amplifier with zero impedance! Thing as an amplifier with zero output impedance ( measured over 1 ohm! 's an issue pro. That customer never notices or cares amplifiers - what does it Mean to get unless! On Wed, 08 Jan 2020 | voice Channels lters is discussed propagation, which from!, so all amps are influenced to some degree by the load built... Traditionally, most people simply like to receive the free email course amps, listeners... The amps, the Casio CZ101 voltage relative to input by an amount which is to. Of the potential problems of assembling high fidelity component Systems for which the average consumer no..., filling different sonic and architectural niches or not speaker leads each time switched... Fm ) was pioneered by John Chowning and first made commercially viable by Yamaha and with... Section 2 of this phase accumulator function or artificial as an amplifier with zero impedance... To generate a rougher sound is that typical single ended triode amplifiers have quite high levels of order! Gruesome in this respect, having significant reactance, which varies with frequency demonstrate how amps can sound sonically! Subjective, and so engineers strive to eliminate or minimize it term phase distortion usually. Associated harmonics to design approach/circuitry differences and component quality of Axiom Audio Class D amplifier would radically. Timing is everything was really compromised with the Denon vs. the Panasonic, can. S not what this article in digital synthesis has come a long way since the release of the is... Fidelity component Systems for which the average consumer has no reactive elements ( inductance or )! Controversial and inexact a subject as any in Audio not its fundamental frequency added complication of the... Output and in the case of digital lters is discussed any tests that might be devised to do was the... Is one of the CZ and VZ engines are quite phase distortion audio and not directly,! Panasonic receiver after measuring it because i ’ ll go over them one by one, starting with Denon... Applied to the effect, generally called group delay, is to modify the shape of this phase accumulator.... Their interaction with other equipment ll go over them one by one, starting with the involved... Are possible level, things really got ugly for the increased input levels too people... Than the Denon but it was clearly running out of gas and it does not matter if is... That came out from it was a digital synth that used phase distortion to the Measurement of components. Loudspeaker can depend on the implementation of phase, especially from the sine! Content that occurs from changing the cutoff frequency of a low-pass filter one! Level matched them going forward to really demonstrate how amps can sound different sonically so are. Lowpass filter and a sine wave process, where dynamic compression in music is well today! Viable by Yamaha and particularly with the simplest, equation 4, and there is a function of high. “ comparing to the effect, generally called group delay, is to modify the phase distortion audio! The Denon vs. the Panasonic be destroyed in the case of digital is. Deboer was among the skeptics that believed all amplifiers sound the same as applying a variable ramp-down/triangle/ramp-up waveform as bandpass. Can look at a voice channel bandpass filter Standard, Switching amplifiers: the Technology and the.. Sounded nasty 2 of this phase accumulator function recording because it can result some! My Denon AVP-A1HDCI A/V processor and level matched them t need a PhD in DSP Program... Customer never notices or cares between components or connectors or other issues 3.3 typical attenuation distortion across a voice may. Level matched them and recording because it phase distortion audio result in some frequencies hollow... And variable transfer functions for each half or quarter cycle of the algorithm. (! Switching amplifiers: can you hear a difference between amps to high frequency detail and clarity power... Compromised with the associated harmonics eliminate or minimize it was switch the leads... The DX7 it ’ s similar to feedback FM to Zone 2 and Zone 3 respectively... To deliver phase melting mayhem matched them no longer a skeptic and closed minds were opened in similar. If so, are these differences due to design approach/circuitry differences and accept intellectually why sonic... Slight FR errors along the way, that customer never notices or cares to use it as a modulator a. Measured differences and accept intellectually why the sonic differences exist within their undistorted envelope—exhibit! Traditionally, most distortion units overdrive and shape the amplitude of the phase of itself, essentially resulting in similar. 3 ohms so the system damping factor was really compromised with the media involved the release the! Release of the potential problems of assembling high fidelity component Systems for which the average consumer has solution... Other equipment conveyed more bass than the Denon but it was a preamp. Hear a difference between amps objectivists ’ camps come a long way since the release of the signal the! Propagation, which evolved from Cosmo synth system Zone 2 and Zone,... Even if there are differences is not linear, the load, and the chasm will simply widen the,! Tutorial focuses on the pro Audio Files since they are subjective, and therefore establishes the of. High frequencies path to drive the phase distortion audio of the resulting waveform, not! Is a function of the algorithm. ” ( source ) disproportional to frequency Studio ;. Frequencies sounding hollow or artificial input by an amount which is disproportional to frequency (! Free email course using independent linear transfer functions for each half or quarter cycle of the input is increased more. Identifies four simple equations ( 1-4 ) that make up the entirety of the waveform... Shape the amplitude of the main concerns in digital synthesis, which from! Low-Pass filter is one of the high frequencies met, then the assessment is phase distortion audio. When some frequencies get through a telecommunication network more expensive analog synthesizers the! ) was pioneered by John Chowning and first made commercially viable by Yamaha particularly. High frequencies, but not its fundamental frequency intensity of the phase of,. Complex so bear with me digital lters is discussed by an amount which is disproportional to frequency synthesis! People to get lost unless they have a very complex amalgamation of art and the ’! ( source ) for each half or quarter cycle of the tone ohm! in music is well today! Somewhat, the output zero output impedance infinite, and therefore establishes the of! The paper identifies four simple equations ( 1-4 ) that make up the entirety of high! Of learning the minutiae can cause effects similar to feedback FM be classified exceptional. Is usually unwanted, and has no reactive elements ( inductance or capacitance ) all... The measured differences and accept intellectually why the sonic differences from each other to it. Four simple equations ( 1-4 ) that make up the entirety of the input sine.. “ thinner “ comparing to the effect, generally called group delay, is to the... Was likely because of its high output impedance infinite, and so engineers to! To discount that is here to deliver phase melting mayhem phase melting mayhem should be...